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    V

    Vanadium

    Transition Metal

    Atomic Number: 23 • Atomic Mass: 50.9420 u • Period: 4 • Group: 5

    Electron Configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d³
    Phase: Solid
    Electronegativity: 1.63
    Titanium (Ti)Chromium (Cr)
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    Physical & Chemical Properties

    Physical Properties

    • •Silvery-gray metallic appearance
    • •Malleable and ductile when pure
    • •Hard and brittle in impure form
    • •Good conductor of heat and electricity
    • •Resistant to corrosion from alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acids
    Melting Point

    2183 K (1909.85 °C, 3469.73 °F)

    Boiling Point

    3680 K (3406.85 °C, 6164.33 °F)

    Density

    6.11 g/cm³

    Electronegativity

    1.63 (Pauling scale)

    Chemical Properties

    • •Forms a protective oxide layer in air
    • •Multiple oxidation states from +2 to +5, with +4 and +5 being most common
    • •Compounds are often brightly colored
    • •Acts as a catalyst in many reactions
    • •Forms ferrovanadium alloys with iron

    Electron Configuration

    1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d³

    Electron configuration describes how electrons are distributed in atomic orbitals, showing how they are arranged in energy levels and subshells.